A shoulder dislocation occurs when the upper arm bone (humerus) is forced out of the cup-shaped socket (glenoid) of the shoulder blade. This often results from a traumatic injury such as falling on an outstretched arm or experiencing a direct blow to the shoulder. When the shoulder dislocates, it typically causes significant pain and a visible deformity. Dislocated shoulders frequently damage not just the bone but also the surrounding soft tissues including cartilage, ligaments and joint capsules, which can lead to long-term joint instability and pain.

The initial symptoms of a dislocated shoulder include severe pain, an inability to move the arm and visible deformity of the shoulder. Some individuals may also experience swelling, bruising and muscle spasms. A dislocated shoulder can lead to additional complications like nerve or blood vessel damage. Early and effective treatment is crucial to prevent these complications and reduce the risk of future dislocations.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs to assess the extent of the injury and rule out fractures. Treatment usually starts with reducing the dislocation, which is the process of maneuvering the humerus back into the socket. This should always be performed by a healthcare professional to avoid further damage.

Once the shoulder is relocated, treatment focuses on pain management and rehabilitation. Immobilization with a sling may be required for a few weeks to allow the ligaments and muscles to heal. After the initial phase, physical therapy becomes essential to strengthen the shoulder muscles, improve range of motion and prevent recurrence. Exercises typically include strengthening routines and stability exercises tailored to the individual's needs.

Rehabilitation is critical because a dislocated shoulder is prone to future dislocations if not properly managed. Following a structured physical therapy program can help ensure full recovery and restore shoulder function, allowing athletes to return to sports like handball with reduced risk of reinjury.